Unified data type system and method

ABSTRACT

A type system includes a dual representation for basic data types. One representation is the basic data type representation common to such basic built-in data types, known as an unboxed value type or simply as a value type. Each of the basic data types also has a boxed representation that can be stored in the object hierarchy of the type system. This dual representation can also be extended to user-defined types, so that user-defined types may exist both as an unboxed value type and as an object within the object hierarchy of the type system. This dual representation allows the compiler and/or runtime environment to select the most effective and efficient representation for the data type depending on the particular need at the moment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application and claims priority toU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/848,402, filed May 17, 2004,entitled “Unified Data Type System and Method,” which application isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a system and method for defining andprocessing data types and more particularly relates to type systems usedby a compiler and/or runtime environment.

BACKGROUND

Almost from the beginning, computer programming languages have embodiedthe notion of data types. Data types include such basic concepts as acharacter, string, integer, float, and so forth. At its lowest level,data stored in a computer is a simple bit pattern stored in a locationof a particular size (e.g., a 32-bit memory location). Data types definethe notion of how to interpret the bit pattern. For example, aparticular bit pattern in a storage location of a particular size mightbe interpreted one way if the storage location was deemed to hold a“character” and another way if the storage location was deemed to holdan “integer”.

In some computer languages, although the notion of data type exists, fewrules are enforced either by the compiler or any associated runtime formixing of different data types in expressions of a computer program. Sono compiler error will be generated in the C programming language, forexample, if an integer value is multiplied by a floating point numbervalue. In order to minimize various types of errors, many such languageshad built-in type rules that allowed for the implicit conversion ofcertain data types. In other instances, languages included explicitconstructs to “coerce” or convert one data type into another data type.Needless to say, although such languages provided great flexibility,certain programming errors could be introduced if care was not takenwhen mixing data types in various programming expressions.

Strongly typed languages tried to reduce the instances of programmingerrors by enforcing strict typing rules. In strongly typed languages, acompiler error would be generated when data type mismatches weredetected. For example, a compiler error would be generated in Pascal ifa programmer tried to assign a character value to an integer variable.This had the effect of reducing certain types of programming errors, butthe rules seemed to be too restrictive.

With the advent of object oriented programming languages, the concept ofdata types took on new meaning. In object oriented languages, objectsmay typically be represented by an object class hierarchy, where someobjects are derived from (or inherit) fields (also referred to asproperties) and methods from other “base class” objects. Objects inthese languages can be a mixture of fields (typically represented byvariables of a particular data types) and methods or functions whichallow manipulation of the fields or which provide certain functionality.In addition, object oriented languages also typically include a numberof built-in data types, such as float, integer, character, string and soforth, which can be used either as basic variables or as fields in anobject. Thus, in Java, for example, a programmer can define a variableof type integer and define an object with fields, one of which is of the“integer” data type.

In object oriented programming languages, there can be differenttreatment for objects and basic data types. For example, an object witha single property of type integer and a variable of type integer wouldnot be considered to be of the same data type in many object orientedlanguages, although at the bottom, both simply represent an integer. Thevariable of type integer simply exists as a bit pattern in a particularstorage location with no additional information, while the object has astorage location of the same size and additional information (or“metadata”) that describes how to interpret the value in the storagelocation.

To provide some sort of equivalency between an object representation anda basic data type representation, the notion of “boxing” was conceived.The process of adding metadata to a basic data type representation toyield an object representation is termed “being”. Similarly, removingthe metadata from an object representation to yield a basic data typerepresentation is termed “unboxing”. However, even with the developmentof boxing and unboxing, present compilers and/or runtime systems use afragmented notion of data types with strict separation between thenotion of objects and the notion of basic data type representations.Although this separation has many implications, one area where theimplications are quite apparent is in how these languages treatuser-defined types.

Even prior to object oriented programming, many, if not most,programming languages had the notion of user-defined data types. Theseprogramming languages allowed a programmer to build up new “data types”from the basic built-in types of the language. For example, a programmercould define a new type “data_point” as consisting of an x coordinatevalue of type float and a y coordinate value of type float. Certainobject oriented programming languages, like Java, however, do not allowextension of the basic built-in types in this manner. In some suchimplementations, user-defined types are only allowed in the form ofobjects. Existing solutions have also failed to adequately address theneed for a unified data type system that can be applied during runtime.

The present invention addresses, among other things, a mechanism toavoid the currently fragmented view of data types. The invention alsoaddresses the inefficiencies associated with using basic data typeswhere object types would be more efficient and object types where basicdata types would be more efficient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, the above and other problemsare solved by providing a system and method for efficiently processinguser-defined data types. The present invention provides for a moreunified view of the type system of programming languages, and objectoriented programming languages in particular. In the present invention,the type system includes a dual representation for basic data types. Onerepresentation is the basic data type representation common to suchbasic built-in data types. In this application this representation willbe referred to as a value type representation, or more simply, a valuetype. However, unlike other type systems, each of the basic data typesalso has a boxed representation that exists in the object hierarchy ofthe type system itself. This dual representation can also be extended touse r defined types, so that user-defined types may exist both as avalue type and as an object within the object hierarchy of the typesystem. This allows the compiler and/or runtime to select the mosteffective and efficient representation for the data type depending onthe particular need at the moment.

In addition to the dual representation of data types, another aspect ofthe invention allows for the application of rules to determine when touse the boxed representation and when to use the value type (or unboxed)representation of a data type. These rules can be applied, for example,by a compiler and allow, among other things, for implicit conversionbetween the boxed and unboxed representations of a particular data type.

In another aspect of the invention, the unified view of the type systemis reflected in the behavior of virtual methods for objects. One basicfeature of objects is that they can inherit methods from “parent”objects. Such methods may include methods that take objects asarguments. The dual representation of value types both as value typesand as objects in the hierarchy implies that value types can havemethods and can behave as objects in some instances and as value typesin other instances. Although the details are discussed more completelybelow, the practical effect is that when value types are in their boxedrepresentation, they can possess type information like other objects.Furthermore, when value types are in their unboxed representation, theycan be valid arguments to methods that would otherwise expect an objecttype (such as a boxed representation). This approach provides entirelynew and powerful programming paradigms to developers. Furthermore, sinceboth boxed and unboxed representations are available, all thisfunctionality can be provided without the developer having to explicitlyspecify in the source code the value type version (i.e., boxed orunboxed) to use or the conversion from one form to another.

In one implementation of the present invention, a unified type system isprovided in a runtime environment. A source code file includes anunboxed value type representation. Metadata is associated with theunboxed value type representation for converting the unboxed value typerepresentation into a boxed value type representation. Output code isgenerated from the compiler converting between the unboxed value typerepresentation and the boxed value type representation in response to adetection of different types in a runtime operation.

In another implementation of the present invention, a method forcompiling a source file containing at least one unboxed value typerepresentation is provided. It is determined that the source fileincludes the unboxed value type representation. Metadata is associatedwith the unboxed value type representation, responsive to thedetermining operation. An operation having operands with differing typesis specified in the source file. One operand is the unboxed value typerepresentation and another operand is a boxed value type representation.Output code is emitted from the compiler for converting one of theoperands match the type of the other operand.

In other implementations of the present invention, articles ofmanufacture are provided as computer program products. One embodiment ofa computer program product provides a computer program storage mediumreadable by a computer system and encoding a computer program forcompiling a source file containing at least one unboxed value typerepresentation. Another embodiment of a computer program product may beprovided in computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave by acomputing system and encoding the computer program for compiling asource file containing at least one unboxed value type representation.The computer program product encodes a computer program for executing ona computer system a computer process for compiling a source filecontaining at least one unboxed value type representation. It isdetermined that the source file includes the unboxed value typerepresentation. Metadata is associated with the unboxed value typerepresentation, responsive to the determining operation. An operationhaving operands with differing types is specified in the source file.One operand is the unboxed value type representation and another operandis a boxed value type representation. Output code is emitted from thecompiler for converting one of the operands match the type of the otheroperand.

In a further aspect of the invention, the notion can be combined with aruntime or execution environment to produce a unique runtime environmentthat supports value types, object classes, and interfaces.

These and various other features as well as advantages, whichcharacterize the present invention, will be apparent from a reading ofthe following detailed description and a review of the associateddrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a logical representation of an exemplary compileroperative to provide a unified view of a type system according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a computer system that provides the operatingenvironment for an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 a depicts an exemplary value type list used in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention to categorize data types.

FIG. 3 b depicts an exemplary object class hierarchy used in anexemplary embodiment of the present invention to organize objects.

FIG. 4 depicts a set of boxed and unboxed data types.

FIG. 5 depicts a more detailed logical representation of the exemplarycompiler system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method for boxing and unboxing a value type in anexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method for implementing the boxing and unboxing ofa value type at runtime in an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative method for implementing the boxing andunboxing of a value type at runtime in an embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide for a moreunified view of the type system of programming languages, and objectoriented programming languages in particular. An exemplary type systemincludes a dual representation for basic data types. One representationis the basic data type representation referred to as an unboxed valuetype or simply as a value type. An unboxed value type is generally notaccompanied by type information in the output code emitted from acompiler. In an embodiment of the present invention, however, each ofthe basic data types also has a boxed representation that exists in theobject hierarchy of the type system and is accompanied by typeinformation (e.g., specified by metadata) in the output code emittedfrom the compiler. This dual representation can also be extended buser-defined types, so that user-defined types may exist both as anunboxed value type and as an object (i.e., boxed value type) within theobject hierarchy of the type system. This allows the compiler and/orruntime to select the most effective and efficient representation forthe data type depending on the particular need at the moment.

FIG. 1 depicts a logical representation of a compiler operating toprovide a unified view of a type system in an embodiment of the presentinvention. A source file 100 represents source program code that isprepared in compliance with a given programming language specification,including without limitation specifications relating to C Language, C++,or any other high level source programming language or intermediatelanguage. The source file 100 may include instructions and data forperforming one or more operations in a runtime environment 102. In theillustrated embodiment, the source file 100 is received by a compiler104, which translates the source code into output code 108 (e.g., objectcode or executable code). In an alternative embodiment of the presentinvention, it should be understood that the compiler 104 may beincorporated into the runtime environment 102 (e.g., as a Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler) as shown in FIG. 5.

In an alterative embodiment of the present invention, the source code ofthe source file 100 may first be translated into an intermediatelanguage before being received by the compiler 104, as represented by anintermediate language code file 106. It should be understood that thefollowing discussion addresses an embodiment in which source file 100 isinput to the compiler 104, although it is contemplated that eithersource code or intermediate code may be input to the compiler 104 in anembodiment of the present invention. Likewise, both source code andintermediate code may have compatible structures and syntaxes fordefining data and associated data types within the scope of the presentinvention.

Generally, a compiler is a program that translates source code (orintermediate language code) into object code or executable code. Thecompiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at an entirepiece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructionsand data therein. In some implementations, a second stage includes alinker that links the compiled object code with other object code toproduce an executable program. In other implementations, this linkingprocess is performed just prior to or during runtime and is referred toas “late binding” or “runtime binding”.

As discussed, programming languages typically have a notion of datatypes. Data within the source file 100 generally consists of two datatypes: (1) value types 110 and (2) objects 112. For clarity, classes andobject names and discussed herein are represented by capitalized namesand value types and value type variable names are labeled with lowercase names. Data may be defined in a source file as a “value type” usinga variable name and an associated type indicator. For example, datarepresenting an index may be defined as “int index;”, where “int” is thedata type indicator and “index” is the variable name. Alternatively,data may be defined in a source file as an “object” using an objectname, a class indicator, and a class definition. For example, theexemplary source code set forth below defines a class called Rect,comprising four Cartesian coordinates defining the four corners of arectangle.

Class Rect { Cartesian UpperLeft; Cartesian UpperRight; CartesianLowerLeft; Cartesian LowerRight; float area; } Rect RectObject;

The statement “Rect RectObject” defines an object “RectObject” (theobject name) of class “Rect” (the class indicator). Note that theRectObject may also include other objects and value types, such asobjects “UpperLeft”, “UpperRight”, “LowerLeft”, and “LowerRight”, ofclass Cartesian (the class definition of which is not shown) and a valuetype “area” of data type “float”. It should also be understood that thediscussion above merely represents an exemplary definition of data in asource file, and that alternative data structures and syntaxes of datadefinition are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.

The compiler 104 may include or have access to one or more of a varietyof built-in data types, including built-in value types 114 and a basicobject class hierarchy 116, and type rules 118 for converting betweenand defining the relationship between various data types. Generally,built-in value types represent value types that are believed to befundamental to the programming language and commonly used byprogrammers, such as “int” for an integer, “char” for a character, and“float” for a floating point number.

Likewise, the basic object class hierarchy 116 includes fundamental andcommonly used classes in an inheritance hierarchy. For example, a rootclass in the hierarchy may define a “BasicObject”, which includesfundamental characteristics (e.g., data and functions) of a basic objectin the programming language. Children of the root class may be definedto “inherit” or “extend” the BasicObject class for more specific uses.For example, a “Shape” class and a “Point” class may inherit from theBasicObject class, and a “Rect” class and a “Circle” class may inheritfrom the “Shape” class. The combination of basic classes comprises anobject class hierarchy. Another example object class hierarchy isillustrated in FIG. 3 b and is discussed below.

In many programming languages, both built-in value types and basicclasses may be extended or customized. For example, in C language, adeveloper may define a new value type using the keyword “typedef”. Forexample, a value type “coordinate” may be defined as a structurecontaining two floating point numbers representing X-Y coordinates on aCartesian plane, as set forth below.

typedef struct { float x; float y; } coordinate;

Likewise, source code may extend the basic object class hierarchy byinheriting or extending one or more of the basic classes For example, auser-defined object may extend the basic Shape class to define a“CustomShape” class. Referring again to FIG. 1, both built-in valuetypes and user-defined value types may be represented in source code byvalue types 110, and both basic and user-defined objects may berepresented in source code by objects 112.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the compiler 104 may includetype rules 118 that provide the compiler with instructions for properlyconverting between different value types. For example, in C Language, asource code instruction may assign an integer value to a floating pointvariable (e.g., “float amount=total;”, where “total” is a data value oftype integer and “amount” is a floating point number variable). The Ccompiler can apply the type rules 118 to automatically convert theinteger “total” into a floating point number value before generatinginstructions for assigning the value to variable “amount”.Alternatively, the compiler 104 may not provide the appropriate typerule for a given value type combination and operation (e.g., assigningan “integer” value to a “coordinate” variable). In such situations, thecompiler may issue a compiler error or throw a runtime exception tosignal the error.

In an embodiment of the present invention, source code instructions forperforming operations between value types and objects by boxing and/orunboxing one or both of the operands may be compiled and executedtransparently to the developer. In a first example, a source codeinstruction indicates that a value with a value type is to be assignedto an object (e.g., a value with an “integer” value type is assigned toan object of the “Integer” class). To perform such an assignment withoutboxing would typically cause a compiler error because the types of theoperands are not equivalent (i.e., the assignment does not satisfy atype rule). Without boxing/unboxing, a compiler does not perform theassignment because the “integer” value type is not associated withmetadata required to populate the Integer object's metadata portion (seeFIG. 4).

Instead, the compiler 104 detects the discrepancy between types andgenerates metadata and compiler code to “box” the “integer” value,thereby converting the value type into an object, so that the boxedvalue type can be assigned to the Integer object. If the types include abuilt-in value type, the compiler may be pre-configured with themetadata required to box the value type. If the types include auser-defined value type, the user can provide the required metadata forthe compiler to use in the boxing operation. The metadata defining auser-defined type may describe a sequence of bits (i.e., the value) andincludes the type name, field names for all fields in the type, fieldtypes for all fields, and operations that can be performed inassociation with the type (e.g., methods). The metadata defining auser-defined type can also include a list of interfaces that the typewill implement in its boxed form. Finally, the metadata can include anindication as to where a boxed version of the value type will fit withinthe object class hierarchy 116, described below in connection with FIG.3 b. Thereafter, the compiler 104 generates the object code forassigning the “boxed value type” (or object) to the Integer object.

Rather than generate code to box and unbox value types at the compiler,other embodiments may implement the concept of dual representation indifferent ways. For example, if the runtime environment that is thetarget of the code (such as runtime environment 102) can box and unboxvalue types, then the compiler need only output a box or unbox commandas appropriate and the runtime can perform the actual work. In otherimplementations, boxed and unboxed representations can existsimultaneously with no need for either the compiler or the runtimeenvironment to generate code that boxes or unboxes value types. In otherimplementations, only the boxed representations may be generated with amechanism to bypass or ignore the metadata portion when unboxed versionis desired.

The output code 108 produced by the compiler 104 logically includes thecompiled objects 120 and both boxed and unboxed representations (122 and124) of the value types defined in the source file 100. In oneembodiment, all value types are compiled to logically produce both boxedand unboxed representations. The dual representations of the value typeitself may occupy effectively the same storage location or, in analternative embodiment, in individual and distinct storage locations. Inanother embodiment, only those value types interacting with objects areto be boxed, thereby reducing the size of the output code 108 (i.e.,unnecessary metadata is omitted). Furthermore, another embodiment of thepresent invention may retain a single version of the value type (i.e.,boxed or unboxed) at a time, converting dynamically between the twoversions, as needed. As such, only one version of the value type need bemaintained at any one time, the value type version being dynamicallyconverted by code generated by the compiler in accordance with a givenoperation (e.g., an assignment, a function call with object parameters,etc.).

In addition, the output code 108 may include metadata in associated witha value type. Alternatively, the output 108 may include a machine orexecutable code representation of the object created by the boxingoperation. In yet another alternative, the machine or executable coderepresentation may be generated at runtime, as discussed below.

Another example of source code instructions performing operationsbetween value types and objects by boxing and/or unboxing is provided inthe case in which a boxed value type is to be assigned to a value with aunboxed value type (e.g., an object of the Integer class is assigned toa value with an integer value type). To perform such an assignmentwithout unboxing would typically cause a compiler error because thetypes of the operands are not equivalent. In an embodiment of thepresent invention, however; the compiler 104 detects the discrepancybetween types and generates code to converts the object to an unboxedvalue type by deleting or ignoring the metadata associated with theboxed value type, so that the unboxed value type can be assigned to the“integer” value type.

FIG. 2 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief,general description of a suitable computing environment in which theinvention may be implemented. While the invention will be described inthe general context of an application program that runs on an operatingsystem in conjunction with a personal computer, those skilled in the artwill recognize that the invention also may be implemented in combinationwith other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practicedwith other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices,multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumerelectronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Theinvention may also be practiced in distributed computing environmentswhere tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linkedthrough a communications network. In a distributed computingenvironment, program modules may be located in both local and remotememory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 2, an exemplary system for implementing theinvention includes a conventional personal computer 20, including aprocessing unit 21, a system memory 22, and a system bus 23 that couplesthe system memory to the processing unit 21. The system memory 22includes read only memory (ROM) 24 and random access memory (RAM) 25. Abasic input/output system 26 (BIOS), containing the basic routines thathelp to transfer information between elements within the personalcomputer 20, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 24. The personalcomputer 20 further includes a hard disk drive 27, a magnetic disk drive28, e.g., to read from or write to a removable disk 29, and an opticaldisk drive 30, e.g., for reading a CD-ROM disk 31 or to read from orwrite to other optical media. The hard disk drive 27, magnetic diskdrive 28, and optical disk drive 30 are connected to the system bus 23by a hard disk drive interface 32, a magnetic disk drive interface 33,and an optical drive interface 34, respectively. The drives and theirassociated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage for thepersonal computer 20. Although the description of computer-readablemedia above refers to a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk and aCD-ROM disk, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art thatother types of media which are readable by a computer, such as magneticcassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoullicartridges, and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operatingenvironment.

A number of program modules may be stored in the drives and RAM 25,including an operating system 35, a source file 100, a Runtime System102, and a compiler 104. A user may enter commands and information intothe personal computer 20 through a keyboard 40 and pointing device, suchas a mouse 42. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone,joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These andother input devices are often connected to the processing unit 21through a serial port interface 46 that is coupled to the system bus,but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a game port or auniversal serial bus (USB). A monitor 47 or other type of display deviceis also connected to the system bus 23 via an interface, such as a videoadapter 48. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typicallyinclude other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers orprinters.

The personal computer 20 may operate in a networked environment usinglogical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remotecomputer 49. The remote computer 49 may be a server, a router, a peerdevice or other common network node, and typically includes many or allof the elements described relative to the personal computer 20, althoughonly a memory storage device 50 has been illustrated in FIG. 2. Thelogical connections depicted in FIG. 2 include a local area network(LAN) 51 and a wide area network (WAN) 52. Such networking environmentsare commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranetsand the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 20 isconnected to the LAN 51 through a network interface 53. When used in aWAN networking environment, the personal computer 20 typically includesa modem 54 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN52, such as the Internet. The modem 54, which may be internal orexternal, is connected to the system bus 23 via the serial portinterface 46. In a networked environment, program modules depictedrelative to the personal computer 20, or portions thereof, may be storedin the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that thenetwork connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishinga communications link between the computers may be used.

Computing device, such as personal computer 20, typically includes atleast some form of computer readable media. Computer readable media canbe any available media that can be accessed by personal computer 20. Byway of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprisecomputer storage media and communication media. Computer storage mediaincludes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage of information suchas computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules orother data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM,ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can be accessed by personal computer 20. Communication mediatypically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures,program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as acarrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any informationdelivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that hasone or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as toencode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation,communication media includes wired media such as a wired network ordirect-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF,infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the aboveshould also be included within the scope of computer readable media.Computer readable media may also be referred to as computer programproduct.

As described above, in connection with FIG. 1, a compiler 104 receivesand compiles a source file 100 written for a runtime environment 102 orany other execution environment. FIG. 3 a depicts an exemplary valuetype classification system 300 for the computer language in which thesource file 100 is written. The source file 100 may utilize bothbuilt-in value types 302 and user-defined value types 304. Generally,value types define the notion of how to interpret the bit patterns ofdata stored in a computer. For example, a value may be a simple bitpattern representing an integer or a floating point number. Each valuehas a type that describes both the size of the storage that the valueoccupies as well as the meaning of the bits in the value'srepresentation. For example, a value of “2” may be of type “int16.” Type“int16” indicates that the bits of the value's representation mean thatthe value is an integer. Type “int16” further indicates that the valueoccupies the storage necessary to store a signed 16-bit integer. Thetype also describes for the compiler the operations that can beperformed on the value's representation. Generally, for unboxed valuetypes, the type information is not emitted into the output code. Type“int16” is an example of a built-in value type in an embodiment of thepresent invention. The previous discussion relating to value types canapply to both user-defined value types and built-in types so that theycan be efficiently processed at runtime. If the compiler does notalready have access to the metadata for a given value type, particularlyfor user-defined value types, the user can provide the metadata in asource code file or configuration file.

An exemplary list of data types is depicted in FIG. 3 a. The listincludes a group of built-in value types 302 and a group of user-definedvalue types 304. User-defined value types 304 can include virtually anykind of data structure. In most source languages, a user can create auser-defined value type by utilizing combinations of built-in types,such as by defining a type name, a field name for each field in thetype, and a field type for each field. In this one illustrative example,the point data type 306 is a two-value data type that defines theCartesian coordinates of a point in a two-dimensional space. The circledata type 308 is a two-value data type that includes a value of pointdata type defining a circle's center point and a second value of integerdata type defining the magnitude of the radius of the circle. Therectangle data type is a four-value data type that includes a value ofpoint data type for each of a rectangle's corners. Notably, the circledata type 308 and the rectangle data type 310 may utilize the point datatype 306. Thus, it can be said that the circle data type 308 and therectangle data types 310 “inherits” from the point data type 306. Insome implementations, this may be a true inheritance; in others, thismay simply imply that one value type is used to build other value types.

A user can create metadata to describe a boxed form of a value type. Forexample, the process of creating a user-defined value type may include astep of specifying the metadata for that type needed for boxing a valuetype. Typically, the metadata defining a user-defined type 304 describesa sequence of bits (i.e., the value) and includes the type name, fieldnames for all fields in the type, field types for all fields, andoperations that can be performed in association with the type (e.g.,methods). The metadata defining a user-defined type can also include alist of interfaces that the type will implement in its boxed form.Finally, the metadata can include an indication as to where a boxedversion of the type will fit within the object class hierarchy 116,described below in connection with FIG. 3 b. This metadata may be usedby the compiler, the loader, and/or the runtime environment to verifytype safety and manage boxed versions of the value type.

FIG. 3 b depicts an exemplary object class hierarchy 350. Generally,objects of the class hierarchy 350 are more complex data types thanvalue types 300. Each object is self-typing, in that each object's typeis explicitly stored in its representation in the output code. An objecthas an identity (e.g., object name, class name) that distinguishes itfrom all other objects. Each object has fields (or data members) thatcan be used to store other data, including values (with associated valuetypes) and methods associated with the object. Of course, the fields inan object can themselves be objects. An object can also include locationinformation (e.g., a pointer) and interface information. The objects ofa class hierarchy, such as class hierarchy 350, typically derive from abase root object. In FIG. 3 b, such a base root object is illustrated byBaseObject 320. Thus, other objects are shown below BaseObject 320 inthe object class hierarchy 350 and, therefore, inherit from theBaseObject 320.

The object class hierarchy of FIG. 3 b illustrates the dualrepresentation of value types in one aspect of the invention. FIG. 3 bshows a representative class hierarchy that includes the boxedrepresentations of the value types illustrated in FIG. 3 a. In theobject class hierarchy 350, built-in value types 352 (e.g., integer 325,floats 326, and Boolean 328) and user-defined value types 354 (e.g.,point 330, rectangle 332, and circle 334) are stored as any other object356 within the object class hierarchy. The built-in value types 352 anduser-defined value types 354 depicted in FIG. 3 b are boxed value types.Thus, the built-in value types 352 and user-defined value types 354 maybe processed at runtime on the same basis as any other object in thehierarchy. As stated above, a boxed value type is created from anunboxed value type by associating the unboxed value type with metadataproviding the boxed value type with object-like attributes. Metadatawill be described in more detail in connection with FIG. 4.

Notably, a “child” object, such as Object y, inherits the attributes ofa “parent” object, such as Object x. If a method is associated withObject x, for example, then the method is also associated with Object y,by inheritance. One aspect illustrated in FIG. 3 b is that the boxedrepresentations of value types may include parent-child relationships,even though there is no notion of parent-child relationship in valuetypes. For example, in FIG. 3 b both circle and rectangle derive frompoint. Similarly, child boxed value types (e.g., circle value type 334)inherit methods and other attributes from parent boxed value types(e.g., point value type 330). Such inherited methods are referred to asvirtual methods. Because of the dual representation of value and objecttypes in the present invention, developers need not worry which form ispassed to methods. Thus, an unboxed value type may be passed into anobject method where a boxed representation is expected or vice versa.The compiler and/or runtime can select the appropriate representationeither at compile or run time as appropriate for the particularimplementation.

The dual representation of value types both as unboxed value types andas boxed value types in the object class hierarchy implies that valuetypes can have methods and can behave as objects in some instances andas unboxed value types in other instances. The practical effect is thatwhen value types are in their boxed representation, they can havemethods like other objects. When value types are in their unboxedrepresentation, they can be valid arguments to methods that wouldotherwise expect an object type (such as a boxed representation).Because both the boxed and unboxed value type representations can bemade available, this functionality can be provided without the developerhaving to explicitly specify either what version to use or theconversion from one form to another.

A data type fully describes a value if it completely defines the value'srepresentation and the operations that can be performed on the value.For a data type, defining the value's representation entails describingthe sequence of bits that make up the value's representation. Definingthe set of operations that can be performed on a data type entailsspecifying named methods for each operation. A named method describes anoperation that can be performed in association with a data type.

For an object, defining the object's representation entails describingthe object's location and the sequence of bits that make up the object'srepresentation. Thus an object includes a definition of the object'scontents and the operations that may be performed on that object. Whenan object contains a value, this definition includes the value'srepresentation and the operations that can be legally performed inassociation with the value (e.g., methods). Defining an object entailsdescribing the sequence of bits that make up the value's representation(self describing data), the location of the object (pointer data), andat least one named method for the object (interface data).

Thus, an object differs from an unboxed data type, in that an objectincludes not just raw data (i.e., a value representation), but alsoother data including the location of the object. This other data isstored in the object as metadata. Advantageously, metadata can be storedin a way that is independent of any particular programming language.Thus, metadata provides a common interchange mechanism for use betweentools that manipulate objects (e.g., compilers, debuggers).

Turning now to FIG. 4, an unboxed value type 400 is depicted ascontaining only raw value data 401 (i.e., a value representation). Aboxed value type 402 is depicted as containing raw value data 401, aswell as metadata 404. For every value type (built-in or user-defined), acorresponding boxed value type can be created. Boxed data types have thecharacteristics of objects, as described above, because the metadataprovides a means for associating the boxed data type withvalue-describing data, location data, and method data. Thus, theassociation of metadata with the boxed value type permits the storage ofthe boxed value type within the object class hierarchy 320 of FIG. 3 b.In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the boxed andunboxed value types depicted in FIG. 4 can be stored in the output code108 (FIG. 1). It should be understood that FIG. 4 illustrates a logicalrepresentation of a boxed value type, indicating that metadata isassociated with the storage location of the value type.

Functional software components of another system 500 that incorporatesaspects of the present invention are shown in FIG. 5. The system 500incorporates at least one front end compiler, such as compilers 502, 504and 506, which are not intended to show requirements of the presentinvention but merely to illustrate concepts of the present inventionapplied to multiple or combined front end systems. The front endcompilers 502, 504 and 506 are capable of parsing and analyzingdifferent types of source language files, such as source files 508, 510and 512, respectively. These source files 508, 510 and 512 can includebuilt-in value types, user-defined value types, and objects. In thisembodiment, the front end compilers 502, 504 and 506 each produce acommon language output file 514, 516 and 518. Generally, compilers 502,504 and 506 are functionally similar to compiler 104, described inconnection with FIG. 1.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the common languageoutput files 514, 516 and 518 have executable instructions in a “common”(in the sense of universal) intermediate language suitable forrepresenting the concepts of a plurality of different types of sourcelanguages, e.g., procedural, functional and object oriented languages,so that only one type of intermediate language need be used regardlessof the specific source language used. The executable instructions withinthe common language output files 514, 516 and 518 can be eitherinstructions that can be directly executed by a processor (e.g., objector native machine code) or an “intermediate” type instruction (e.g. Javabytecodes, p-code, or other intermediate language) that is executedwithin some type of execution environment.

The front end compilers 502, 504 and 506, in addition to being able toread and analyze their respective source files 508, 510 and 512, arecapable of reading and analyzing files represented in the commonlanguage. Moreover, a library declarations file 520 of functionsrepresented in the common language is available for use by the front endcompilers 502, 504 and 506.

The common language files 514, 516 and 518, once compiled, may betransmitted to an execution environment or runtime environment 522. Inthis application, execution environment and runtime environment are usedinterchangeably. The execution environment may be either a directexecution environment, a managed runtime environment or an unmanagedruntime environment. Advantageously, any necessary conversions ofunboxed value types to boxed value types (or vice versa) may beperformed either at the compiler stage, thereby permitting the use ofsuch converted value types without regard to the managed or unmanagedstatus of the runtime environment, or by the runtime environment.Indeed, the environment may be any other type of environment capable ofreading and executing the compiled files 514, 516 and 518. The runtimeenvironment 522 shown in FIG. 5 represents a managed environment havinga plurality of features, functions and services, as discussed below.

Prior to being supplied to the runtime environment 522, each output file514, 516 and 518 may undergo optional processing prior to as illustratedby the separate optional processing section 524 or the integral optionalprocessing section 526. Generally, optional processing may involveverification, type checking, and or any translation of the commonlanguage file into a form suitable for use by the runtime environment522. Hence, optional processing may be used to translate, interpret orotherwise convert the received common output files 514, 516 and 518,into output code that can be executed in the execution environment 522.

In the case where the execution environment 522 is a managed runtimeenvironment as shown in FIG. 5, then runtime environment itself has aloader 530 which loads the files for execution. The loader 530 receivesthe executable file and resolves necessary references and loads thecode. The environment may provide a stack walker 532, i.e., the piece ofcode that manages the method calls and provides for the identificationof the sequence of method calls on a stack at a given point in time. Alayout engine 534 may also be provided, which establishes the layout, inmemory, of the various objects and other elements as part of theapplication to be executed. The execution environment may furtherprovide a security module 536 to prevent unauthorized use of resourcesby determining whether certain code has permission to access certainsystem resources (or even execute at all). The runtime environment mayfurther provide memory management services, such as a garbage collector538, and other developer services 540, such as debuggers and profiling.Other types of services that can be provided by a managed executionenvironment include verification of code before it is executed, amongothers.

The execution environment 522 may further utilize a common libraryprogram file 528, which has the actual implementation information tocarry out the functionality of the common library declarations 520.

During runtime, the output files 514, 516 and 518 are loaded into theruntime environment 522. Importantly, the information that is providedto the runtime environment, such as the boxed or unboxed value typesshown in FIG. 4, is used by the runtime environment to shape objectsprior to runtime. The layout engine generally uses the information tocreate data structures for each of the types of classes including theappropriate method and field information.

FIG. 6 depicts an operation flow for boxing and unboxing an individualvalue type in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Becausethe boxing and unboxing can be done automatically, both versions of aparticular data type can be made to be always available at runtime.Accordingly, the most efficient form of the value type can beselectively used, depending on the situation (e.g., assigning an unboxedvalue type to an object). Of course, the conversion can also be avoidedin instances where the compiler 104 determines that the converted formof the value type is not needed.

The logical operations in FIG. 6 are implemented (1) as a sequence ofcomputer implemented steps or a program module running on a computingsystem and/or (2) as interconnected logic circuits or machine logicmodules within the computing system. The implementation is a matter ofchoice dependent on the performance requirements of the computing systemimplementing the invention. Accordingly, the logical operations makingup the embodiments of the present invention described herein arereferred to variously as operations, steps or modules. It will berecognized by one skilled in the art that these operations, steps andmodules may be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purposedigital logic, and any combination thereof without deviating from thespirit and scope of the present invention as recited within the claimsattached hereto.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the operations of FIG. 6start at step 600 and proceed to unboxed test operation 602. Testoperation 602 detects whether the source file includes a triggerrequiring an unboxed to boxed conversion. An unboxed to boxed conversiontrigger can be any entity in the source file that indicates that anunboxed to boxed conversion is needed. Examples of unboxed to boxedconversion triggers include situations where an unboxed value type isassigned to a boxed value type and where an unboxed value type is passedto an object expecting a boxed value type or another object. In both ofthese example cases, an unboxed to boxed conversion would be required.If test operation 602 detects that the source file includes a triggerrequiring an unboxed to boxed conversion, then the operation flowbranches YES to unboxed value type emit operation 604. The unboxed valuetype emit operation 604 emits code from the compiler to perform theunboxed to boxed conversion, the unboxed value type, and the metadataassociated with the unboxed value type to the runtime environment viathe output code. The operation flow then proceeds to conversionoperation 608, which at runtime converts or builds a boxed value typefrom the emitted code, the unboxed value type, and the metadataassociated with the unboxed value type. Operation flow proceeds tooperation 619 and ends for the converted value type.

The boxed value type can include the definition of the type name, thefield names, field types, and operations that can be performed inassociation with the boxed value type (e.g., methods). Creation of theboxed value type can also include the creation of metadata representingthe appropriate position of the boxed value type in an object classhierarchy and any relationships with other boxed value types.

Notably, boxed test operation 610 is also reached if a determination ismade at unboxed test operation 602 that the source file does not includea trigger requiring an unboxed to boxed conversion. Boxed test operation610 detects whether the source file includes a conversion triggerrequiring a boxed to unboxed conversion. If the source file does notinclude a conversion trigger requiring an unboxed to boxed conversion,then the operation flow branches NO to step 612 and ends for theconverted value type.

On the other hand, if boxed test operation 610 detects that the sourcefile includes a conversion trigger requiring an unboxed to boxedconversion, then the operation flow branches YES to boxed value typeemit operation 614. The boxed value type emit operation 614 emits codeto perform the boxed to unboxed conversion, the boxed value type, andthe metadata associated with the boxed value type to the runtimeenvironment via the output code. The operation flow then proceeds toconversion operation 616 and converts or builds an unboxed value typefrom the code to perform the boxed to unboxed conversion, the boxedvalue type, and the metadata associated with the boxed value type in theoutput code.

A boxed to unboxed conversion trigger can be any entity in the sourcefile that indicates that the conversion is needed. Examples ofconversion triggers include situations where a boxed value type isassigned to an unboxed value type and where a boxed value type is passedto an object expecting an unboxed value type. In both of these examplecases, a boxed to unboxed conversion would be required. The operationflow proceeds to step 618 and ends with regard to the converted valuetype.

It will be appreciated that the operation of FIG. 6 may be modified sothat a conversion is not necessarily performed for each value typedetected in a source file. A preliminary determination may also be madeas to whether a conversion is appropriate. For example, a compiler mayrecognize that a boxed, built-in value type is never implemented in itsunboxed format by the source file. In such a case, a conversion may beavoided as unnecessary.

As discussed, the process described with regard to FIG. 6 relates to thelogical processing of an individual value type. Typically, however,multiple value types are included in a source code file and may requireboxing and unboxing as appropriate. In one embodiment of the presentinvention, the detecting operations 602 and 610 and the emittingoperations 604 and 614 are generally performed for multiple value typesduring a compilation stage before proceeding to the convertingoperations 608 and 616 during runtime. In this manner, most (or all)required converting code is emitted into the output code for executionduring runtime.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, however, thedetecting operations 602 and 610 and the emitting operations 604 and 614may also be performed during runtime. The “emitting” operations areembodied by a call to boxing or unboxing code during runtime. Such anembodiment is disclosed with regard to FIGS. 7 and 8, for example.

During execution of the object code 106 (FIG. 1), the runtimeenvironment, such as runtime environment 522 (FIG. 5), may determinewhether to use the boxed or unboxed version of a particular data type asin the implementation of a virtual method. In an embodiment, the flow700 illustrates a particular situation wherein the runtime environmentperforms the selection operation, as compared to the compiler.Initially, the flow generally begins with defining operation 702, whichdefines a particular value type that is to be used in a function call.Defining the value type generally relates to providing some informationas to whether the value type is boxed or unboxed. In an embodiment, abit may be associated with the value type and the bit is either set orcleared depending on whether the value type is boxed or unboxed.

Once the value type has been defined, pass operation 704 passes thedefined the value type to a particular function. In essence duringcompile time, the compiler emitted code to provide for the passing ofthe value type to the function during runtime. Passing a parameter ofthis sort to a function is straightforward and effectively provides thenecessary value type information to the function for operation.

The particular function that receives the defined value type expectseither a boxed or unboxed value type. Therefore, following the passingoperation 704, determination act 706 determines whether the passed valuetype is the same as the expected value type. The determination may be asimple testing of a bit associated with the value type or some otheroperation that evaluates the type of data passed to the function.

If determination operation 706 determines that the passed value type isnot the same as the expected value type, flow branches NO to modifyoperation 708. Modify operation either boxes or unboxes the passed valuetype, and passes the new value type to the function. In an embodimentwhere the function expected a boxed value type but received an unboxedvalue type, step 708 boxes the value type. On the other hand, had thefunction expected an unboxed value type but received a boxed value type,then operation 708 would unbox the value type. The result of the boxoperation 708 is a pointer to an object describing the unboxed valuetype. Following the modification operation 708, flow continues with calloperation 710, which is described below.

If the determination step 706 determined that the passed value type wasthe same as the expected value type, then flow branches YES to calloperation 710. Essentially, had the function received a value type thatwas expected, no modification, such as modification operation 708, wouldbe necessary. Thus, flow continues with call operation 710.

Call operation 710 calls a member method associated with the definedfunction. The method may be a virtual method, e.g., wherein the compilercould not determine one certain method to call at compile time andtherefore implemented multiple versions, such as in the case withsuperclasses or in the case wherein the function may receive both boxedand unboxed versions of value types. The member method is related to auser defined method for operating on the passed value type. At compiletime, the compiler emits the code for performing the various methodswithin the function. However, since the function may receive differenttypes, the compiler does not insert the specific code within thefunction for each type. Instead, the compiler creates a virtual methodtable. The virtual method table comprises the necessary information toperform the method for each of the specific value types that thefunction may receive.

Therefore, once the method has been called at 710, the runtimeenvironment executes the method call using the reference to theappropriate method in the virtual method table. More specifically,lookup operation 712 looks up the particular method related to thepassed value type. Once the particular method for that type is found,execute operation 714 executes the method for that value type.

As stated, the above-described flow of operations is able to handleeither boxed or unboxed parameters. A key feature relates to the use ofa virtual table to provide methods for the different value types thatmay be passed to a particular function. Since the function may receivedifferent types and since the compiler is unaware of which type thefunction will receive, the runtime environment performs the necessaryanalysis and resolves any discrepancies between value types.

A flow 800 of operations in an alternative embodiment to that shown inFIG. 7 is shown in FIG. 8. The first two acts of flow 800, defineoperation 802 and pass operation 804 are similar to acts 702 and 704described above in conjunction with FIG. 7. That is, define operation802 defines the value type as boxed or unboxed and then pass operation804 passes the value to the function.

Once passed, call operation 806 then calls the member function. This actis similar to call operation 710 described above wherein the actualmethod is called. Following the call operation 806, lookup operation 808looks up the called method for the passed value type in the virtualmethod table. Lookup operation 808 is similar to operation 712 describedabove.

Following call operation 806 and lookup operation 808, determination act810 determines whether the passed value type is the same as the expectedvalue type. Determination act 810 is similar to the determination act706 described above in that the passed value type is analyzed againstthe expected form of the value type. One difference, however, is thatthe code for performing the determination act may actually reside in thefront portion of the called method code, as described below.

If the determination act 810 determines that the passed value type isdifferent from the expected form, then flow branches NO to modifyoperation 812. Modify operation 812 is similar to modify operation 708described above in conjunction with FIG. 7. Essentially, if themodification is necessary, modification act 812 performs the necessaryacts required to box or unbox the value type as needed, (e.g., callsappropriate boxing or unboxing code). Once modified, execute operation814 executes the method using the modified value type.

If, on the other hand, determination act 810 determines that the passedvalue type is the same as the expected value type, then executeoperation 814 performs the method using the passed value type. Since thepassed value type was the same as the expected value type, then nomodification act, such as act 812, is needed prior to execution.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 8 allows the caller object to simply call amethod and pass a value type to that function that performs the method.The caller does not have to make a determination as to whether the valuetype is correct. Such a caller object may then be streamlined such thatit performs fewer operations. The tradeoff, however, is that the methodor some other module must perform the determination operation. Inessence, the plumbing may reside as a small portion of code that isperformed prior to the execution of the method. When the number ofcallers outweighs the number of called methods, such a streamlining ofthe caller objects may be helpful.

Thus, the present invention is presently embodied as a method,apparatus, or article of manufacture, such as computer readable media orprogram product containing a computer program, for processing objects ofvarious programming languages and for boxing and unboxing a user-defineddata type. While the invention has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understoodby those skilled in the art that various other changes in the form anddetails may be made therein without departing form the spirit and scopeof the invention.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A unified type system for use with a computersource language and associated components which translate source fileswritten in the computer source language into executable form and executethe translated source files, wherein at least one source file declares avariable using a boxed value type yet passes the variable to a methodexpecting an unboxed value type representation, the unified type systemcomprising: a first value type representation relating to the boxedvalue type representation of the variable; and a class object hierarchycomprising a plurality of object classes, wherein at least one of theobject classes is a second value type representation relating to theunboxed representation of the variable, and wherein the second valuetype is automatically passed to the method expecting the unboxed valuetype.
 17. A generated output file produced by a front end compilersystem, wherein the front end compiler system is adapted to compileother common language files, the generated common output filecomprising: a boxed value type representation; metadata corresponding tothe boxed value type representation for converting the boxed value typerepresentation into an unboxed value type representation; and outputcode generated from the front end compiler system converting between theboxed value type representation and the unboxed value typerepresentation in response to a detection of different value types in aruntime operation.
 18. A generated output file as defined in claim 17wherein the metadata defines one or more interfaces and wherein theunboxed value type representation implements the defined one or moreinterfaces.
 19. A generated output file as defined in claim 18 whereinthe unboxed value type representation inherits one or more interfaces.20. A method of performing a method call by a function, wherein thefunction expects parameters of a predetermined value type, wherein thepredetermined value type is an unboxed value type, the methodcomprising: passing a value type to the function, wherein the passedvalue type is a boxed value type; calling the requested method using thepassed value type; looking up the method within a virtual method table;comparing the passed value type to the expected value type; if the valuetype is different from the expected value type, modifying the value typeto match the expected value type; and executing the method using thevalue type.
 21. A method as defined in claim 20 wherein the boxed valuetype is associated with metadata, the metadata defining a list ofinterfaces for the unboxed value type, and wherein the method furthercomprises: implementing one of the interfaces of the unboxed value type.22. A method as defined in claim 21 wherein the metadata is defined bythe user.
 23. A method as defined in claim 22 wherein the unboxed valuetype inherits one or more interfaces from other unboxed value types. 24.A method as defined in claim 20 wherein the method is performed atruntime.
 25. A method as defined in claim 24 wherein the modified typevalue is not stored in a parameter list.